scienza dell'iridologia

1) About the iridology science book

scienza dell'iridologia

A complete text and reference work for the advanced student and those pursuing a career in iridology. Ten years in the making! The most complete English text on the fundamentals of iridology. Over 1,200 beautiful color plates showing the fiber structures of the eyes. Electromagnetic photography. Many charts and illustrations. Includes plastic overlays for eye pictures and references on every organ as reflexively seen in the iris. Eye charts from China, Russia and Spain.

– Hardbound
– 600 Pages

Topics include:

– Fundamental Iris Markings
– Importance of the Pupil
– Four Stages of Tissue Activity
– Five Channels of Elimination
– Glands: Endocrine & Exocrine
– Nerve Tissues and Pathways
– How We Build a Disease
– Subclinical Manifestations
– Genealogy and Genetic Factors
– Drugs, Psora and Miamas
– Whole System for the Whole Man
– Glandular Functions and The Metabolic Process
– Adnormal Growth, Operations, Injuries and Wounds
– Reflexology and Neurogenic Symptoms
– History of Iridology and Chart Development
– Homeopthic Concepts in Iridology
– Nine Body Systems and their Relationship to Iridology
– Anatomia dell'occhio
– Eye Color and Variations
– Legge di cura di Hering
– Breathing & Sistema respiratorio
– The Digestive System
– The Brain: Master Control Center
– Nerve Tissues and Pathways
– Pulizia dei tessuti
– Case Histories
– The Brain: The Human Computer
– Theory and Philosophy of Iridology
iridology science book Revisione

1 by Noah

2)Iridology – Science or Pseudoscience controversy

Do you patronize alternative medicines? If yes, have you undergone physical diagnosis through Iridology?

For over a century, Iridology became one of the most controversial practices among many known alternative medicines today. What it does is to diagnose your eye’s iris to basically tell which part of your body has a problem.

If you are intrigued with Iridology and want to learn if this type of practice is dependable or not, then this short but detailed article is perfectly for you.

Cos'è l'Iridologia

First off, what is Iridology? Iridology or sometimes refer to as iridodiagnosis, iridiagnosis or simply as iris diagnosis, is part of an increasing family of alternative medicines. The earliest form of this treatment is found in Chiromatica Medica (homolaterality) dating back to 16th century.

Iris is the greenish-yellow area that surrounds the transparent pupil or the black area of your eyes. The white outer area is called sclera, while at the center is the cornea.

The main principle of Iridology is to identify an individual’s systemic health status by just looking at the patterns, colors and other characteristics of the iris. Practitioners uses an grafici dell'iride, which are divided into zones that constitutes to a specific parts of the human body.

A person who practice Iridology is called Iridologist. These iris experts sees the eyes as mirror into the body’s health status. They believe that the iris charts can pinpoint the exact health issues that your body have, which includes your organs, systems, inlflammations, distressed signs, or any illnesses.

Below is the iris chart.

Iridologists believe that every properties of the human body are linked with the iris nerve wreathes. However, Iridology in general doesn’t predict nor diagnose any illnesses but rather to get the connection of the body and its corresponding value from the iris.

Above is the left and the right iris charts. These charts were developed more than 70 years ago. It shows the iris of the eyes that are said to be associated with over 50 parts of the body.

For example, the health of stomach are located at the innermost blue circle in both charts. The quadrants at the top of the iris represents the brain and other areas of the head.

In the world stage, Iridology is not accepted in medicine and not supported by various health organizations. Plus, health experts considers this practice under pseudoscience category. This means that Iridology is more of a belief that has no solid scientific evidence to support its claims.

Iridology Procedures

Like a regular health clinics, diagnostics through Iridology is also done in Iridology clinics worldwide. Below are some of the tools that are used in Iridology diagnosis:

The cameras are used to examine the irises of the patient for possible tissue changes. These changes or marking changes are then compared to the iris chart. Once the zones are identified, Iridologists will then conclude a physical diagnosis based from the iris chart.

Does Iridology Work?

Based on various clinical trials and studies, Iridology has higher rate of negative results in determining a certain health issue, which leads to incorrect and inaccurate diagnosis or if practiced, wrong treatment.

Several former Iridologists have testified that the science behind Iridology has no basis and will only cause confusions.

For example, five Dutch Iridologists in the late 80’s failed a diagnostic tests for 78 volunteer patients. Each Iridologists were given stereo color slides of the right iris of all volunteered patients. Half of those volunteers had gallbladder disease and the rest are healthy.

No one from the five Iridologists could identify which patients had the disease and which volunteers were healthy. Each of them even had different findings about their diagnosis.

Another study that involved Australian Iridologist in 1980, underwent two tests to see if Iridology is in fact dependable and accurate. First, he examined photographs of 15 patients (medically examined) with a total of 33 health problems. The Iridologist misdiagnosed all 15 patients by identifying wrong diseases.

There are more negative results regarding the accuracy of Iridology. The results of these studies were not surprising at all because there are no scientific proof that all properties of the body, or health in general, can be determined by just looking at the iris.

Read More: Iridology is Nonsense – Quackwatch

Is Iridology for You?

Based from the information above, Iridology is nothing but false claims and belongs to pseudoscience. The reason why Iridology became so famous is because of its constant marketing and hoax success stories.

Consulting to an Iridologist makes no sense as medical doctors are not difficult to reach these days. Possible health risks for Iridology includes:

So Iridology is definitely not for you. This form of alternative medicine poses too many risk for you. After all, why would you consult to an Iridologist if you can go to straight right to an Ophthalmologist right?

If you are looking for better way to achieve good health or you want to know the status of your health, go to a licensed medical diagnostic centers or hospital for physical examinations. Or, you can go straight to your physician for professional advise. Going for an Iridologist is not the best choice for your health, body and finances.

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3）From Stephen Barrett, M.D. decomposition Iridology Is Nonsense

L'iridologia (a volte chiamata diagnosi dell'iride) si basa sulla bizzarra convinzione che ciascuna zona del corpo sia rappresentata da un'area corrispondente nell'iride dell'occhio (l'area colorata attorno alla pupilla). Secondo questo punto di vista, lo stato di salute e di malattia di una persona può essere diagnosticato dal colore, dalla consistenza e dalla posizione delle varie macchie di pigmento negli occhi. I professionisti dell'iridologia affermano di diagnosticare “squilibri” che possono essere trattati con vitamine, minerali, erbe e prodotti simili. Alcuni sostengono anche che i segni sugli occhi possano rivelare una storia completa di malattie passate e di trattamenti precedenti. Un libro di testo, ad esempio, afferma che un triangolo bianco nell'area appropriata indica un'appendicite, ma un puntino nero indica che l'appendice è stata rimossa chirurgicamente. Le carte iridologiche, di cui ne esistono dozzine, variano in qualche modo nella posizione e nell'interpretazione dei segni dell'iride. Alcuni iridologi utilizzano un computer per aiutarli ad analizzare le fotografie degli occhi e selezionare i prodotti che consigliano. La sclerologia è simile all'iridologia ma interpreta la forma e la condizione dei vasi sanguigni sulla porzione bianca (sclera) del bulbo oculare.

I sostenitori dell’iridologia attribuiscono il suo sviluppo a Ignatz von Peczely, un medico ungherese che, durante la sua infanzia, si era rotto accidentalmente la zampa di un gufo e aveva notato una striscia nera nella parte inferiore dell’occhio del gufo. I non aderenti suggeriscono che von Peczely potrebbe aver sviluppato la sua teoria per passare il tempo mentre era in prigione dopo la rivoluzione ungherese del 1848. Dopo il suo rilascio dal carcere avrebbe salvato la vita di sua madre con rimedi omeopatici, avrebbe ricordato l'incidente dell'occhio del gufo e avrebbe iniziato a studiare gli occhi dei suoi pazienti.

Bernard Jensen, D.C. (1908-2001), il principale iridologo americano, lo affermò “La natura ci ha fornito uno schermo televisivo in miniatura che mostra le parti più remote del corpo attraverso risposte nervose riflesse.” Ha inoltre affermato che le analisi iridologiche sono più affidabili e “offrono molte più informazioni sullo stato del corpo rispetto agli esami della medicina occidentale.”

Un'organizzazione iridologica britannica afferma che ce ne sono tre principali “tipi costituzionali” del colore dell'iride:

1. La Costituzione dagli occhi blu (“tipo linfatico”), di chi “tendenze intrinseche” includere: “Ria attività del sistema linfatico (irritazioni adenoide e tonsilla; linfonodi gonfi; Appendice irritata; Catarro con essudazioni; eczema; acne; flakey, pelle secca; fluff; asma; asma; tosse; tosse; bronchite; sinusite; diarrea; artrite; artrite; vaginale per occhio; sfruttamento; fluido; fluido; fluido; fluido; fluido; fluido; fluido; fluida; asma.”
2. IL “Costituzione dagli occhi marroni puri (“tipo ematogeno”), di chi “tendenze intrinseche” includere: “Anemia; mancanza di catalizzatori (ferro, oro, arsenico, rame, zinco, iodio); malattie del sangue (epatite, ittero); spasmi muscolari; artrite; malattia degenerativa cronica; Disturbi endocrini (tiroide, adrenale & ipofisario); disturbi spleenici; scarso drenaggio linfatico; ghiandole gonfie; La malattia di Hodgkin; flatulenza; stipsi; tumore del colon; dispepsia; disturbi digestivi con produzione enzimatica ridotta; frequente intolleranza al latte delle mucche; ulcere; fegato, cistifellea & malfunzionamenti pancreatici; Diabete; disturbi circolatori; auto-intossicazione.”
3. La combinazione dei due “Tipo misto o biliare”), di chi “tendenze intrinseche” includere: “Flatulanza; stipsi; colite; ipoglicemia; Diabete; malattie del sangue; pietre galliche; fegato, cistifellea, dotto biliare & disturbi pancreatici; debolezza gastrointestinale con spasmo; Ematogeno & Punti di forza costituzionali linfatici & debolezza.”

Russell S. Worrall, O.D., assistente professore clinico di optometria presso la School of Optometry, Università della California, Berkeley, ha notato che molte delle condizioni rilevate dai professionisti dell'iridologia sono "malattie" la cui esistenza è stata contestata o screditata dalla ricerca scientifica. Worrall sottolinea anche come diagnosi spurie da parte degli iridologi possano avere gravi conseguenze, come illustrato dal caso di un contabile che consultò un chiropratico che praticava l'iridologia:

During the course of treatment an iridology workup was recommended. The results indicated, among many other health problems, the presence of cancer. Overwhelmed, the patient spent the day in torment. Unable to consult his family physician . . . he finally sought my advice. After a lengthy discussion, I was able to allay his fears. . . . He wondered how an intelligent person such as himself could be caught up in such a deep emotional web over such a diagnosis. The story fortunately had a pleasant ending. However, the outcome could have been much more serious since the patient is also suffering from a heart condition, which was not noted on the iridology evaluation!

The features of the iris are relatively stable throughout life . There is no scientific evidence that they change when a person’s health status changes. In fact, this stability is the foundation of the biometric technology that uses iris recognition for identification purposes.

Studi scientifici

In 1979 Bernard Jensen and two other proponents failed a scientific test in which they examined photographs of the eyes of 143 persons in an attempt to determine which ones had kidney impairments. (Forty-eight had been diagnosed with a standard kidney function test, and the rest had normal function.) The three iridologists showed no statistically significant ability to detect which patients had kidney disease and which did not. One iridologist, for example, decided that 88% of the normal patients had kidney disease, while another judged that 74% of patients sick enough to need artificial kidney treatment were normal .

Nel 1980, un esperto iridologo australiano si sottopose a due test. Nella prima ha esaminato le fotografie di 15 pazienti che erano stati valutati dal punto di vista medico e presentavano un totale di 33 problemi di salute. L'iridologo non ha diagnosticato correttamente nessuno di questi problemi. In tre casi ha nominato una parte del corpo che aveva avuto problemi (ad esempio, ha detto “lesione nella zona della gola” for a patient whose tonsils had been removed during childhood), but he completely missed the other 30 problem areas and made 60 incorrect diagnoses. In the second trial, four people had their eyes photographed when they were in good health and rephotographed when they reported being ill. The iridologist made a large number of (incorrect) diagnoses from the initial photographs and was unable to accurately identify any organ that underwent a change when the health problem arose. He was also asked to compare iris photographs of another healthy individual taken only two minutes apart. He made five incorrect diagnoses for the first of these and four different incorrect ones for the second .

In the late 1980s, five leading Dutch iridologists failed a similar test in which they were shown stereo color slides of the right iris of 78 people, half of whom had gallbladder disease. None of the five could distinguish between the patients with gallbladder disease and the people who were healthy. Nor did they agree with each other about which was which . These negative results, of course, are not surprising, because there is no known mechanism by which body organs can be represented or transmit their health status to specific locations in the iris.

In another study, researchers took color photographs of the eyes of 30 patients with ulcerative colitis, 25 with coronary heart disease, 30 with asthma, 30 with psoriasis, and a control group matched for age and gender. The photographs were coded and analyzed by an investigator, both manually and by a computer program according to criteria generated by leading iridologists. Utilizzando entrambi i metodi, la discriminazione tra casi e controlli non era diversa da quella che ci si aspetterebbe per caso. Gli autori hanno concluso questo “la diagnosi di queste malattie non può essere aiutata da un'analisi di tipo iridologico.”

Nel 1998, Eugene Emery, scrittore scientifico per il Giornale della Provvidenza, tested the ability of two iridologists to assess his health and to match slide he had prepared of the eyes of eight people who had been medically diagnosed. Both iridologists scored very poorly .

Nel 2000 il Dr. Edzard Ernst ha pubblicato un'analisi approfondita dei rapporti pubblicati fino a quel momento. Notando che nessuno dei “positivo” Gli studi erano stati adeguatamente progettati, concluse:

Might iridology be doing any harm? Waste of money and time are two obvious undesired effects. The possibility of false-positive diagnoses, ie, diagnosing—and subsequently treating—conditions that did not exist in the first place, seems more serious. The real problem, however, might be false-negative diagnoses: someone may feel unwell, go to an iridologist, and be given a clean bill of health. Subsequently, this person could be found to have a serious disease. In such cases, valuable time for early treatment (and indeed lives) can be lost through the use of iridology .

In un altro studio, a tre iridologi e dieci studenti di optometria sono state mostrate diapositive a colori dell'iride di 30 persone che avevano fratturato un braccio o una gamba e 30 controlli senza storia di traumi. Jensen e molti altri iridologi sono stati consultati riguardo alla progettazione dello studio. Nessuno dei partecipanti ha dimostrato una significativa accuratezza diagnostica [9]. Le fratture furono scelte come condizione medica per vedere se l'affermazione originale di von Peczely sul gufo con una gamba rotta potesse essere riprodotta negli esseri umani.

A study published in 2005 tested whether iridology could be useful in diagnosing common forms of cancer. An experienced practitioner examined the eyes of 68 people who had proven cancers of the breast, ovary, uterus, prostate, or colorectum, and 42 for whom there was no medical evidence of cancer. The practitioner, who was unaware of their gender or medical details, was asked to suggest up to five diagnoses for each person and his results were then compared with each subject’s known medical diagnosis. Iridology correctly diagnosed cancer in only 3 of the 68 cases .

Worrall ha notato i modi in cui gli iridologi cercano di giustificare i loro fallimenti:

Proponents . . . use a number of ways to rationalize their inconsistencies. One may claim to make subclinical diagnoses; that is, sometimes years before there are signs or symptoms of disease. Or one may claim to use iridology to rate a subject’s constitution or susceptibility to disease. Another might dispute the medical tests used to confirm a medical diagnosis and 路may contest existence of the disease. Others may diagnose hypothetical and imagined disorders using terms such as toxic settlement, chronic weakness, or underactivity of an organ or system These broad characterizations of a subject’s state of health contrast with the detail contained in iris charts, and they are not easily quantifiable for study .

Disillusione

L'erborista Michael Tierra ha descritto come è rimasto deluso dall'iridologia. Dopo aver fatto varie osservazioni, smise di usarlo ma sperava ancora che potesse avere una certa utilità. Poi, però:

Un collega più giovane, completamente attrezzato con le più moderne apparecchiature iridologiche specializzate, si è presentato e ha dichiarato che desiderava fornire letture iridologiche presso la mia clinica e allo stesso tempo monitorare il decorso dei miei pazienti per un periodo di sei mesi.

Dato che per la maggior parte di noi e anche per i miei pazienti sei mesi è un periodo piuttosto lungo, c'erano ampie opportunità per molti di loro di attraversare una serie di cambiamenti legati alla salute. Alcune persone guarirono e si ammalarono di nuovo con gli stessi sintomi o forse con una serie diversa di sintomi, altri subirono lesioni o operazioni. Tutti hanno avuto le loro iridi ripetutamente fotografate e studiate da me e dal mio collega. Dov’erano il gufo di Peczely o i segni che affermava di osservare nei pazienti del reparto ospedaliero ungherese del XIX secolo? Dov'erano le sottili linee bianche di guarigione che avrebbero dovuto unire le piccole lacune scure corrispondenti alla guarigione di operazioni e lesioni di diverse parti del corpo?

Our conclusion after six months: my colleague, trying to hold on to the fast disappearing shred of belief in the validity of iridology sheepishly and somewhat guiltily sold his camera to another would-be iridology enthusiast. I buried my official iridology magnifying head band in a box in a dark, hopefully soon forgotten area of my office closet, where I must confess it still remains after over 15 years, unopened .

Another former iridologist, Joshua David Mather Sr., has written a detailed account of the origin and termination of his beliefs. He began studying iridology at age nine when his father became a practitioner. He abandoned it at age 25 after examining polaroid films of many patients and finding out that although their symptoms often improved, their eye markings never changed .

La linea di fondo

L'iridologia non ha senso anatomico o fisiologico. Non è semplicemente inutile. Diagnosi errate possono spaventare inutilmente le persone, spingerle a sprecare denaro cercando cure mediche per condizioni inesistenti o allontanarle dalle cure mediche necessarie quando un problema reale viene trascurato.

Some multilevel distributors are using iridology as a basis for recommending dietary supplements and/or herbs. Anyone who does this and is not a licensed health professional would be guilty of practicing medicine without a license, which is a violation of state law.

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