علم ایریدولوژی

1) About the iridology science book

علم ایریدولوژی

A complete text and reference work for the advanced student and those pursuing a career in iridology. Ten years in the making! The most complete English text on the fundamentals of iridology. Over 1,200 beautiful color plates showing the fiber structures of the eyes. Electromagnetic photography. Many charts and illustrations. Includes plastic overlays for eye pictures and references on every organ as reflexively seen in the iris. Eye charts from China, Russia and Spain.

– Hardbound
– 600 Pages

Topics include:

– Fundamental Iris Markings
– Importance of the Pupil
– Four Stages of Tissue Activity
– Five Channels of Elimination
– Glands: Endocrine & Exocrine
– Nerve Tissues and Pathways
– How We Build a Disease
– Subclinical Manifestations
– Genealogy and Genetic Factors
– Drugs, Psora and Miamas
– Whole System for the Whole Man
– Glandular Functions and The Metabolic Process
– Adnormal Growth, Operations, Injuries and Wounds
– Reflexology and Neurogenic Symptoms
– History of Iridology and Chart Development
– Homeopthic Concepts in Iridology
– Nine Body Systems and their Relationship to Iridology
– Anatomy of the Eye
– Eye Color and Variations
– Hering’s Law of Cure
– Breathing & سیستم تنفسی
– The Digestive System
– The Brain: Master Control Center
– Nerve Tissues and Pathways
– پاکسازی بافت
– Case Histories
– The Brain: The Human Computer
– Theory and Philosophy of Iridology
iridology science book Review

1 by Noah

2)Iridology – Science or Pseudoscience controversy

Do you patronize alternative medicines? If yes, have you undergone physical diagnosis through Iridology?

For over a century, Iridology became one of the most controversial practices among many known alternative medicines today. What it does is to diagnose your eye’s iris to basically tell which part of your body has a problem.

If you are intrigued with Iridology and want to learn if this type of practice is dependable or not, then this short but detailed article is perfectly for you.

What is Iridology

First off, what is Iridology? Iridology or sometimes refer to as iridodiagnosis, iridiagnosis or simply as iris diagnosis, is part of an increasing family of alternative medicines. The earliest form of this treatment is found in Chiromatica Medica (homolaterality) dating back to 16th century.

Iris is the greenish-yellow area that surrounds the transparent pupil or the black area of your eyes. The white outer area is called sclera, while at the center is the cornea.

The main principle of Iridology is to identify an individual’s systemic health status by just looking at the patterns, colors and other characteristics of the iris. Practitioners uses an نمودارهای آیریس, which are divided into zones that constitutes to a specific parts of the human body.

A person who practice Iridology is called Iridologist. These iris experts sees the eyes as mirror into the body’s health status. They believe that the iris charts can pinpoint the exact health issues that your body have, which includes your organs, systems, inlflammations, distressed signs, or any illnesses.

Below is the iris chart.

Iridologists believe that every properties of the human body are linked with the iris nerve wreathes. However, Iridology in general doesn’t predict nor diagnose any illnesses but rather to get the connection of the body and its corresponding value from the iris.

Above is the left and the right iris charts. These charts were developed more than 70 years ago. It shows the iris of the eyes that are said to be associated with over 50 parts of the body.

For example, the health of stomach are located at the innermost blue circle in both charts. The quadrants at the top of the iris represents the brain and other areas of the head.

In the world stage, Iridology is not accepted in medicine and not supported by various health organizations. Plus, health experts considers this practice under pseudoscience category. This means that Iridology is more of a belief that has no solid scientific evidence to support its claims.

Iridology Procedures

Like a regular health clinics, diagnostics through Iridology is also done in Iridology clinics worldwide. Below are some of the tools that are used in Iridology diagnosis:

The cameras are used to examine the irises of the patient for possible tissue changes. These changes or marking changes are then compared to the iris chart. Once the zones are identified, Iridologists will then conclude a physical diagnosis based from the iris chart.

Does Iridology Work?

Based on various clinical trials and studies, Iridology has higher rate of negative results in determining a certain health issue, which leads to incorrect and inaccurate diagnosis or if practiced, wrong treatment.

Several former Iridologists have testified that the science behind Iridology has no basis and will only cause confusions.

For example, five Dutch Iridologists in the late 80’s failed a diagnostic tests for 78 volunteer patients. Each Iridologists were given stereo color slides of the right iris of all volunteered patients. Half of those volunteers had gallbladder disease and the rest are healthy.

No one from the five Iridologists could identify which patients had the disease and which volunteers were healthy. Each of them even had different findings about their diagnosis.

Another study that involved Australian Iridologist in 1980, underwent two tests to see if Iridology is in fact dependable and accurate. First, he examined photographs of 15 patients (medically examined) with a total of 33 health problems. The Iridologist misdiagnosed all 15 patients by identifying wrong diseases.

There are more negative results regarding the accuracy of Iridology. The results of these studies were not surprising at all because there are no scientific proof that all properties of the body, or health in general, can be determined by just looking at the iris.

Read More: Iridology is Nonsense – Quackwatch

Is Iridology for You?

Based from the information above, Iridology is nothing but false claims and belongs to pseudoscience. The reason why Iridology became so famous is because of its constant marketing and hoax success stories.

Consulting to an Iridologist makes no sense as medical doctors are not difficult to reach these days. Possible health risks for Iridology includes:

So Iridology is definitely not for you. This form of alternative medicine poses too many risk for you. After all, why would you consult to an Iridologist if you can go to straight right to an Ophthalmologist right?

If you are looking for better way to achieve good health or you want to know the status of your health, go to a licensed medical diagnostic centers or hospital for physical examinations. Or, you can go straight to your physician for professional advise. Going for an Iridologist is not the best choice for your health, body and finances.

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3）From Stephen Barrett, M.D. decomposition Iridology Is Nonsense

ایریدولوژی (گاهی اوقات به عنوان تشخیص عنبیه شناخته می شود) بر این باور عجیب استوار است که هر ناحیه از بدن با یک ناحیه مربوطه در عنبیه چشم (ناحیه رنگی اطراف مردمک) نشان داده می شود. بر اساس این دیدگاه، وضعیت سلامت و بیماری فرد را می توان از روی رنگ، بافت و محل لکه های رنگدانه های مختلف در چشم تشخیص داد. پزشکان ایریدولوژی ادعا می کنند که تشخیص می دهند “عدم تعادل” that can be treated with vitamins, minerals, herbs, and similar products. Some also claim that the eye markings can reveal a complete history of past illnesses as well as previous treatment. One textbook, for example, states that a white triangle in the appropriate area indicates appendicitis, but a black speck indicates that the appendix had been removed by surgery. Iridology charts—dozens of which exist—vary somewhat in the location and interpretation of their iris signs. Some iridologists use a computer to help them analyze eye photographs and select the products they recommend. Sclerology is similar to iridology but interprets the shape and condition of blood vessels on the white portion (sclera) of the eyeball.

طرفداران ایریدولوژی توسعه آن را به ایگناتز فون پچلی، پزشک مجارستانی نسبت می دهند که در دوران کودکی خود به طور تصادفی پای یک جغد را شکست و متوجه یک نوار سیاه در قسمت پایین چشم جغد شد. افراد غیر پیرو معتقدند که فون پزلی ممکن است نظریه خود را برای گذراندن زمان در زمانی که پس از انقلاب 1848 مجارستان در زندان بود، توسعه داده باشد. پس از آزادی از زندان ظاهراً با داروهای هومیوپاتی جان مادرش را نجات داد، حادثه چشم جغد را به یاد آورد و شروع به مطالعه چشمان بیمارانش کرد.

برنارد جنسن، دی سی (1908-2001)، ایریدولوژیست برجسته آمریکایی، اظهار داشت که “طبیعت یک صفحه تلویزیون مینیاتوری در اختیار ما قرار داده است که دورافتاده ترین قسمت های بدن را از طریق واکنش های رفلکس عصبی نشان می دهد.” او همچنین مدعی شد که تحلیل‌های ایریدولوژی قابل اعتمادتر هستند و “اطلاعات بسیار بیشتری در مورد وضعیت بدن نسبت به معاینات پزشکی غربی ارائه می دهد.”

یک سازمان iridology بریتانیا بیان می کند که سه اصلی وجود دارد “انواع قانون اساسی” رنگ عنبیه:

1. قانون اساسی چشم آبی (“نوع لنفاوی”) که “تمایلات ذاتی” شامل: “فعالیت مجدد سیستم لنفاوی (تحریکات آدنوئید و لوزه ها، طحال، غدد لنفاوی متورم، آپاندیس تحریک شده، آب مروارید همراه با ترشح، اگزما، آکنه، پوسته پوسته شدن، خشکی پوست، شوره سر، آسم، سرفه، برونشیت، سینوزیت، اسهال التهابی چشم احتباس مایعات”
2. در “pure brown eyed constitution (“haematogenic type”) که “تمایلات ذاتی” شامل: “Anaemia; lack of catalysts (iron, gold, arsenic, copper, zinc, iodine); blood diseases (hepatitis, Jaundice); muscle spasms; arthritis; chronic degenerative illness; endocrine disorders (thyroid, adrenals & pituitary); spleenic disturbances; poor lymphatic drainage; swollen glands; Hodgkin’s Disease; flatulence; constipation; colonic tumour; dyspepsia; digestive disorders with lowered enzymatic production; frequent intolerance to cows milk; ulcers; liver, gall-bladder & pancreatic malfunctions; Diabetes; circulatory disorders; auto-intoxication.”
3. The combination of the two “mixed or biliary type”) که “تمایلات ذاتی” شامل: “Flatulance; constipation; colitis; hypoglycaemia; Diabetes; blood diseases; gall-stones; liver, gall-bladder, bile duct & اختلالات پانکراس؛ ضعف دستگاه گوارش همراه با اسپاسم؛ خون زا & نقاط قوت لنفاوی اساسی & نقاط ضعف”

راسل اس. ورال، استادیار بالینی اپتومتری در دانشکده بینایی‌سنجی دانشگاه کالیفرنیا، برکلی، خاطرنشان کرده است که بسیاری از شرایطی که توسط پزشکان ایریدولوژی شناسایی می‌شوند، «بیماری‌هایی» هستند که وجود آنها توسط تحقیقات علمی مورد مناقشه یا بی اعتبار قرار گرفته است. وورال همچنین به این نکته اشاره می‌کند که چگونه تشخیص‌های جعلی توسط iridologists می‌تواند عواقب جدی داشته باشد، همانطور که در مورد حسابداری نشان داده شده است که با یک متخصص کایروپراکتیک که ایریدولوژی را انجام می‌داد مشورت کرده است:

During the course of treatment an iridology workup was recommended. The results indicated, among many other health problems, the presence of cancer. Overwhelmed, the patient spent the day in torment. Unable to consult his family physician . . . he finally sought my advice. After a lengthy discussion, I was able to allay his fears. . . . He wondered how an intelligent person such as himself could be caught up in such a deep emotional web over such a diagnosis. The story fortunately had a pleasant ending. However, the outcome could have been much more serious since the patient is also suffering from a heart condition, which was not noted on the iridology evaluation!

The features of the iris are relatively stable throughout life . There is no scientific evidence that they change when a person’s health status changes. In fact, this stability is the foundation of the biometric technology that uses iris recognition for identification purposes.

مطالعات علمی

In 1979 Bernard Jensen and two other proponents failed a scientific test in which they examined photographs of the eyes of 143 persons in an attempt to determine which ones had kidney impairments. (Forty-eight had been diagnosed with a standard kidney function test, and the rest had normal function.) The three iridologists showed no statistically significant ability to detect which patients had kidney disease and which did not. One iridologist, for example, decided that 88% of the normal patients had kidney disease, while another judged that 74% of patients sick enough to need artificial kidney treatment were normal .

در سال 1980، یک ایریدولوژیست استرالیایی با تجربه دو آزمایش را انجام داد. در اول، او عکس‌های 15 بیمار را بررسی کرد که از نظر پزشکی مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفته بودند و در مجموع 33 مشکل سلامتی داشتند. ایریدولوژیست هیچ یک از این مشکلات را به درستی تشخیص نداده است. در سه مورد از قسمتی از بدن که دچار مشکل شده بود نام برد (مثلاً گفت “ضایعه در ناحیه گلو” for a patient whose tonsils had been removed during childhood), but he completely missed the other 30 problem areas and made 60 incorrect diagnoses. In the second trial, four people had their eyes photographed when they were in good health and rephotographed when they reported being ill. The iridologist made a large number of (incorrect) diagnoses from the initial photographs and was unable to accurately identify any organ that underwent a change when the health problem arose. He was also asked to compare iris photographs of another healthy individual taken only two minutes apart. He made five incorrect diagnoses for the first of these and four different incorrect ones for the second .

In the late 1980s, five leading Dutch iridologists failed a similar test in which they were shown stereo color slides of the right iris of 78 people, half of whom had gallbladder disease. None of the five could distinguish between the patients with gallbladder disease and the people who were healthy. Nor did they agree with each other about which was which . These negative results, of course, are not surprising, because there is no known mechanism by which body organs can be represented or transmit their health status to specific locations in the iris.

در مطالعه دیگری، محققان از چشمان 30 بیمار مبتلا به کولیت اولسراتیو، 25 بیمار مبتلا به بیماری عروق کرونر قلب، 30 مبتلا به آسم، 30 بیمار مبتلا به پسوریازیس و یک گروه کنترل که از نظر سن و جنسیت همسان شده بودند، عکس رنگی گرفتند. عکس ها توسط یک محقق، هم به صورت دستی و هم توسط یک برنامه کامپیوتری، بر اساس معیارهای تولید شده توسط iridologists برجسته کدگذاری و تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. با استفاده از هر دو روش، تبعیض بین پرونده ها و کنترل ها با آنچه که به طور تصادفی انتظار می رود تفاوتی نداشت. نویسندگان به این نتیجه رسیدند که “تشخیص این بیماری ها را نمی توان با تجزیه و تحلیل به سبک iridological کمک کرد.”

در سال 1998، یوجین امری، نویسنده علمی برای مجله پراویدنس، tested the ability of two iridologists to assess his health and to match slide he had prepared of the eyes of eight people who had been medically diagnosed. Both iridologists scored very poorly .

In 2000, Dr. Edzard Ernst issued a thorough review of published reports up to that time. Noting that none of the “positive” studies had been properly designed, he concluded:

Might iridology be doing any harm? Waste of money and time are two obvious undesired effects. The possibility of false-positive diagnoses, ie, diagnosing—and subsequently treating—conditions that did not exist in the first place, seems more serious. The real problem, however, might be false-negative diagnoses: someone may feel unwell, go to an iridologist, and be given a clean bill of health. Subsequently, this person could be found to have a serious disease. In such cases, valuable time for early treatment (and indeed lives) can be lost through the use of iridology .

در مطالعه ای دیگر، به سه متخصص ایریدولوژیست و ده دانشجوی بینایی سنجی، اسلایدهای عنبیه رنگی 30 نفر با شکستگی دست یا پا و 30 فرد کنترل بدون سابقه تروما نشان داده شد. با جنسن و چند ایریدولوژیست دیگر در مورد طراحی این مطالعه مشورت شد. هیچ یک از شرکت کنندگان دقت تشخیصی قابل توجهی را نشان ندادند [9]. شکستگی‌ها به‌عنوان شرایط پزشکی انتخاب شدند تا ببینند آیا ادعای اصلی فون پزلی در مورد جغد با پای شکسته می‌تواند در انسان بازتولید شود یا خیر.

A study published in 2005 tested whether iridology could be useful in diagnosing common forms of cancer. An experienced practitioner examined the eyes of 68 people who had proven cancers of the breast, ovary, uterus, prostate, or colorectum, and 42 for whom there was no medical evidence of cancer. The practitioner, who was unaware of their gender or medical details, was asked to suggest up to five diagnoses for each person and his results were then compared with each subject’s known medical diagnosis. Iridology correctly diagnosed cancer in only 3 of the 68 cases .

وورال روش هایی را که ایریدولوژیست ها برای توجیه شکست های خود تلاش می کنند اشاره کرده است:

Proponents . . . use a number of ways to rationalize their inconsistencies. One may claim to make subclinical diagnoses; that is, sometimes years before there are signs or symptoms of disease. Or one may claim to use iridology to rate a subject’s constitution or susceptibility to disease. Another might dispute the medical tests used to confirm a medical diagnosis and 路may contest existence of the disease. Others may diagnose hypothetical and imagined disorders using terms such as toxic settlement, chronic weakness, or underactivity of an organ or system These broad characterizations of a subject’s state of health contrast with the detail contained in iris charts, and they are not easily quantifiable for study .

سرخوردگی

مایکل تیرا، گیاه شناس، توضیح داده است که چگونه از ایریدولوژی ناامید شده است. پس از انجام مشاهدات مختلف، او استفاده از آن را متوقف کرد، اما همچنان امیدوار بود که معلوم شود ارزشی دارد. سپس، با این حال:

همکار جوان‌تری که کاملاً مجهز به به‌روزترین تجهیزات تخصصی ایریدولوژی بود، خود را معرفی کرد و اظهار داشت که می‌خواهد در کلینیک من مطالعه ایریدولوژی انجام دهد و در عین حال روند بیمارانم را در یک دوره شش ماهه زیر نظر داشته باشد.

با توجه به این واقعیت که برای بسیاری از ما و بیماران من، شش ماه یک دوره بسیار طولانی است، فرصت کافی برای بسیاری از این افراد وجود داشت تا تغییرات مرتبط با سلامتی را پشت سر بگذارند. برخی از افراد خوب شدند و دوباره بیمار شدند یا با علائم مشابه یا شاید متفاوت، برخی دیگر دچار جراحات یا جراحی شدند. همه آنها عنبیه هایشان را بارها و بارها توسط همکارم و خودم عکسبرداری و مطالعه کردند. جغد پچلی یا نشانه هایی که او ادعا می کرد در بیماران بخش بیمارستان مجارستان قرن نوزدهم مشاهده می کند کجا بود؟ خطوط شفابخش سفید و ظریفی که قرار بود خالهای تیره کوچک مربوط به التیام عمل ها و جراحات قسمت های مختلف بدن را به هم ببندند کجا بودند؟

Our conclusion after six months: my colleague, trying to hold on to the fast disappearing shred of belief in the validity of iridology sheepishly and somewhat guiltily sold his camera to another would-be iridology enthusiast. I buried my official iridology magnifying head band in a box in a dark, hopefully soon forgotten area of my office closet, where I must confess it still remains after over 15 years, unopened .

Another former iridologist, Joshua David Mather Sr., has written a detailed account of the origin and termination of his beliefs. He began studying iridology at age nine when his father became a practitioner. He abandoned it at age 25 after examining polaroid films of many patients and finding out that although their symptoms often improved, their eye markings never changed .

خط پایین

ایریدولوژی هیچ معنای آناتومیک یا فیزیولوژیکی ندارد. صرفاً بی ارزش نیست. تشخیص‌های نادرست می‌تواند به‌طور غیر ضروری مردم را بترساند، باعث هدر دادن پول برای جستجوی مراقبت‌های پزشکی برای شرایطی شود که وجود ندارد، یا وقتی یک مشکل واقعی نادیده گرفته می‌شود، آنها را از مراقبت‌های پزشکی ضروری دور کند.

برخی از توزیع کنندگان چند سطحی از iridology به عنوان پایه ای برای توصیه مکمل های غذایی و/یا گیاهان استفاده می کنند. هرکسی که این کار را انجام دهد و یک متخصص بهداشتی دارای مجوز نباشد، به‌خاطر طبابت بدون مجوز مجرم خواهد بود، که این نقض قوانین ایالتی است.

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