Iridológia alebo náuka o dúhovke siaha niekoľko storočí do minulosti. Písomné záznamy a strieborné dosky, ktoré pochádzajú z Egypta a sú uložené vo vatikánskej knižnici a na Harvardskej univerzite, sú prvými známymi vzdelávacími materiálmi o iridológii. Vtedajší egyptskí kňazi disponovali mimoriadnymi znalosťami medicíny.
V roku 1922 objavil G. Carter obrázky dúhovky na týchto strieborných platniach, keď skúmal Tutanchamónovu hrobku (1400-1392 p.n.l.). El Axe, faraónov kňaz, bol staroveký iridológ, ktorý toto umenie spopularizoval. Vďaka jeho práci sa diagnostika oka rozšírila z Egypta do Babylonu, Tibetu, Číny a ďalších oblastí (E. Velkhover).
Nachádza sa tu viac ako 300 chorôb, diagnostických metód, liečby a profylaktiky. Jedným z faktorov, ktoré dokazujú intenzívny záujem starých Egypťanov o štruktúru dúhovky, sú sochy faraónov a kňazov v káhirskom národnom múzeu. Ich oči sú zložené z veľmi presných farebných mozaík a je nemožné nájsť dve podobné oči od jednej sochy k druhej.
Aristoteles, Hyppocratus a Herakleitos tiež urobili zaujímavé pozorovania týkajúce sa dúhovky.
Ďalšie príklady iridológie v práci možno nájsť v poznámkach lekára Alexandra Veľkého. Bojovníci boli vyberaní s prihliadnutím na stav ich dúhoviek. Zakladateľ jednej z najosvietenejších dynastií helenistického Egypta (305-300 p.n.l.) Ptholemeus, vojenský vodca Alexandra Veľkého, a jeho spoločníci udržiavali tieto poznatky nažive a možno ich preniesli do starovekého Ríma po dobytí Egypta.
V tibetskej medicíne sa osobitná pozornosť venovala fyzickému vzhľadu pacienta. Stav pokožky, jazyka, očí, svalových pohybov atď. bol pristupovaný veľmi opatrne. Najmä oči dávali informácie o mnohých problémoch vyskytujúcich sa v organizme. Tupost v dúhovke znamenala pre pacienta intenzívne utrpenie.
Poprední tibetskí lekári, ktorí niesli čestný titul z “libry,” zvlášť poznamenal pečeň a jej “obrazovke”— oči (doslovný preklad pre oči je “pečeňový kvet”). Skúmaním zmien na dúhovke a zrenici dospeli k záverom o definitívnych poraneniach vnútorných orgánov. Tieto oblasti zreníc vnímali ako okná do hĺbky tela. Abnormality v bielizni a nepravidelnosti v dolnej časti zrenice boli považované za symptómy ochorenia krvi, zatiaľ čo skléra a nepravidelnosti v pravej časti zrenice boli považované za symptómy ochorenia pečene. Očná buľva sa často nazývala telesný knôt, ktorý mohol ukazovať stav ľudského zdravia: čisté oko zodpovedalo zdravému stavu a zakalené oko chorému človeku (E. Velkhover)
V stredoveku prírodovedec “Otec anatómie,” A. Vesalius (1514-1564) podrobne opísal dúhovku umierajúceho muža vo svojej klasickej príručke o stavbe ľudského tela. Aj Paracelsus, Fillip Teophrast (1493-1541), zakladateľ iatrochémie (farmaceutická veda), filozof a alchymista zanechal mnoho opisov pacientových dúhoviek.
Teophrast ľutoval, že potom nebolo možné vykonať podrobnejšie skúmanie jeho štruktúry. Tento nedostatok optických zariadení znemožňoval podrobné štúdium štruktúry dúhovky a zvláštností jej farebnej palety, ale objav mikroskopu Antuana von Levenguka (1632-1723) mal veľký vplyv na úroveň iridologických vyšetrení.
V roku 1670 použil fyzik Filipp Meyens na svoj výskum lupu. Vydal knihu, ktorá obsahovala diagnostiku očí aj obočia, v ktorej rozdelil oko dvoma kolmými čiarami na štyri sektory. Každá časť obsahovala projekcie niekoľkých vnútorných orgánov.
Prvý platný opis mozgu a pľúc v Európe údajne urobil Dr. Mac Leiden z Holandska a prvá príručka o iridológii bola vydaná na najstaršej európskej univerzite v Portu (Portugalsko) v roku 1790.
Dizertačná práca “De Ocolo Et Signo” (“Oči A Znamenia”) bol obhájený na univerzite v Hettingene v roku 1786. V roku 1813 sa viedenský lekár Y. Beer vo svojej knihe o očných chorobách zmienil o somato-iridologických väzbách v organizmoch. Z jeho práce je zrejmé, že si nebol vedomý starovekej iridológie a k svojim záverom prišiel sám.
Staroveké a stredoveké vedy sa zaoberali najmä zmenami farby a celkovej stavby oka. Neexistoval žiadny základ pre systematizáciu metódy a irido-pupilárnych znakov a v podstate sa nebrala do úvahy schopnosť topologického vyšetrovania.
Lekár menom Ignatz von Peczely (1826-1907) z Egernaru pri Budapešti v Maďarsku dokázal základ iridologickej metódy a navrhol vlastnú tabuľku projekcie zón dúhovky. Hoci je z moderného hľadiska pomerne primitívny, stále je relatívne spoľahlivý.
Ignatz von Peczely (1826-1907)
Počas štúdia na viedenskej univerzite a práci v chirurgickej nemocnici začal Peczely skúmať zmeny dúhovky svojich pacientov v závislosti od rôznych chorôb, ktoré mali. Zistil, že každá časť tela ako aj každý orgán zodpovedá určenému segmentu dúhovky. To viedlo k jeho vývoju prvej irisovej mapy, ktorá z neho urobila zakladateľa modernej iridológie. V roku 1880 Peczely publikoval knihu popisujúcu diagnostické princípy pre dúhovku. Hlavnou náplňou jeho práce bola lokalizácia a forma iridologických znakov. Neskôr vydal príručku o irisdiagnostike, kde ako epigraf napísal, že oči nie sú len zrkadlom duše, ale aj tela. Žiaľ, jeho tvorba sa stretla s ľadovým tichom jeho súčasníkov.
Swedish pastor Nils Liljequist added another important page to iridological history. “A man can lie but his eyes never lie” was his answer to those who were curious about his interest in iridology. He developed a more detailed and reliable iridology chart independently from Peczely, determining the position of the digestive tract in the ciliary belt and proving that organic defects should be visible in the eyes. The color iris analysis that was first described in his fundamental book on eye diagnosis (1897) extended the ability to find toxic and toxic-allergic changes in the organism. The pastor was one of the first who warned that random vaccination and large doses of drugs can eventually cause many allergic diseases.
Začiatkom 20. storočia súčasník Európanov Henry Lindlahr, zakladateľ prírodnej terapie v Chicagu, opísal vo svojej knihe o iridológii niekoľko princípov iridodiagnostiky a prírodnej terapie.
Pri zakladaní modernej iridológie by sa malo spomenúť aj mnoho ďalších slávnych ľudí: Emmanuel Felke, Emil Schlegel, Peter Thiel, Magdalene Madaus a Henrich Hense (nasledovníci Emmanuela Felkeho), Karl Baumhauer, Rudolf Schnabel (obdržaný neskôr v roku 1959 cenu Londýnskej akadémie vied za vydanie dvojitého zväzku a Mau Alfrédovi Alfrédovi o Iridovi). študent Emila Schlegela).
The names Heinrich Hense and Rudolf Schnabel are connected with the use of the objective methods in iridology that was started in the 20th century. For the first time Henrich Hense had included photographs of the iris in his manual and Rudolf Schnabel began to use microscope instead of a magnifying glass.
A journal was established by Magdalene Madaus in 1920 journal. It was called Iriscorrespondens and helped to increase the abilities of iris diagnostic practitioners at that time.
Several papers on iridology were published at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. Most of them were the research of single investigators. Sometimes they were not reliable and had no connection to medicine. The problems of clinical approval at that time had to do with the poor technical level of equipment and the lack of mutual efforts of laboratories, hospitals and universities, which often led to false conclusions from even conscientious scientists. The contradictory results and projection interpretations and sometimes personal antagonism among scientists led to decreasing trust of iridology in its followers as well.
The evolution of iridological practice in recent history took place mainly in national schools which led at the beginning to some disagreements but further allowed the creation of a matched system of projection zones and classifying signs by combining different charts.
Bernard Jensen (United States), Josef Deck (Germany), Rene Bourdiol (France), Petyr Dimkov (Bulgaria) and Evgeny Velkhover (Russia) are by rights regarded as founders of the national schools.
Bernard Jensen (1908-2001) is one of the most outstanding people in modern iridology. Dr. Jensen was a naturopath, nutritionist, chiropractor, philosopher and author of wide- spread world fame for his manual on iridology. His book, The Science and Practice of Iridology details a method that allows a practitioner to determine a patient’s condition without interception in functioning organs. One of the main advantages of iridodiagnostics is that signs of constitutional peculiarities, genetic defects and structural damages in the organism appear on the iris significantly earlier than a real dysfunction or pathology appears, so it is possible to make an early diagnosis.
For sixty years, Dr. Jensen investigated more than 350,000 patients. The iris charts that he developed are some of the most widespread in the world. His approach to the iris structure, its density, amortization, pigment and other properties is original and confirmed by clinical practice. His theory on the rules of iridogenetic inheritance and the signs forming in the iris is the basis of modern iridological prognosis.
It should be also mentioned that Jensen made an inestimable contribution to the unification of iridologists all over the world when he has established Iridologists International in 1977.
Josef Deck (Germany) spent more than 40 years creating fundamental iridology works. His two manuals The Fundamentals Of Iridodagnostics (1965) and Differential Iridodagnostics (1980) were the result of morphological, genetic and clinical investigations of the iris. He established the Institute Of Fundamental Investigations in Ettlingen, Germany, which was one of the leading educational and research iridology centers of Europe. The classification of constitutional types that was developed by Deck allows for estimation of compensating abilities of an organism and predisposition to particular diseases, although it should be mentioned that his work is somewhat limited because all investigations made by Deck were conducted in the Western and Northern parts of Germany where most of the people have light and low pigment saturated brown irises. The investigations made in various regions of Southeast Asia where most of people have high pigment saturated brown irises prove that Deck’s classification does not take into consideration such peculiarities.
Rene Bourdiol, who espoused embryonic iris projection, is one of the most important representatives of the French iridology school. This topoembryonic point of view (not widespread in the world, but Jausas and some representatives of the Spanish and Portugese schools use it) is significant, for his contribution included the teaching of pigments, iris relief, ethics and deontology in iridology.
Petyr Dimkov (1886-1979) of Bulgaria was one of the practitioners of the Trakian therapy system. An expert in folk medicine all of his life, he followed the Hippocratic principle of treating patients rather than the disease by his philosophy of find the reason for the disease reason rather than the symptoms. He saw the iris as a dynamic screen of organ processes and the possibility of the manifestation of the system in the iris when pathology involved close organs. His books Eye Diagnostics (1977) and the three-volume Natural Medicine And Life On The Laws Of Nature issued after his death in 1991 are excellent manuals for the healing art practitioner.
Then, Petyr Dimkov’s follower, Dr. Kaiadjiev from Plovdiv, Bulgaria grounded the unity of the “In-Jan” doctrine and iridosomatic connections.
E. Velkhover, the Russian neuropathologist and professor of medicine, is one of the first who understood the subjectivity and limitations of iridological investigations. The irido-clinical methods he and his followers developed helped to combine both traditional and modern medicine. In 1977, he established the People’s Friendship University and a laboratory headed by Professor Velkhover continuously worked with large clinics and scientific-research medical and sports centers. This allowed him to make complex and large-scale investigations using modern medical research methods. Basically, his investigation included digestive system pathologies and pathologies of the central and peripheral nervous system, the kidneys and the heart, as well as irido-somatic connections, iridogenetics, iridopsychology and iridochromotherapy. The results of his work, recognized in many countries all over the world, included projections of organs for stomach, duodenum and liver pathologies, portal hypertension, and spinal column diseases. Twelve of his monographs were published and among them was Clinical Iridology (1990), one of the important thematic manuals in the world. The education center headed by Velkhover has prepared more than 2000 doctors of iridology who work in 25 countries around the world.
Modern iridology is tightly connected with the development of television and computer technologies. From the beginning of 1980s, iris image grabbing and computer processing were developed in Russia, the United States, Italy, Czechoslovakia, and Ukraine. Comparing different analogs, most experts prefer the Russian iridology software and its equipment, namely the Bexel Irina system of STC (Suttong) Corporation.
From the beginning of the 20th century there have been efforts to consolidate iridologists. The special journals Iriscorrespondent, (Madaus), International iridologist, (Jensen), and Iridodiagnosis (Velkhover), helped in the dissemination of information toward this end.
Also, Iridologia a naturopatia, (Giuriati,) and others also assisted in the development for scientific attempt consolidation. The International Congresses in Czechoslovakia (1980) and Monaco (1985) coordinated the work and determined directions for future investigations. Beginning in 1992, annual International Symposia are held in Dorimo, Italy and Salonics, Greece. In analyzing the state-of-the-art in iridoreflexology, it is necessary to mention the increase of technical support and number of developments. Now, more than ever, high quality frame grabbers and software image analysis now makes it possible to accumulate data, interpret images and analyze the results.
MAIKONG IRIDOLOGY SOFTWARE Inštalácia a prevádzka
