Iridológia (niekedy označovaná ako irisdiagnostika) je založená na bizarnom presvedčení, že každá oblasť tela je reprezentovaná zodpovedajúcou oblasťou v očnej dúhovke (farebná oblasť okolo zrenice). Podľa tohto hľadiska možno zdravotný stav a chorobu človeka diagnostikovať podľa farby, štruktúry a umiestnenia rôznych pigmentových škvŕn v oku. Iridológovia tvrdia, že diagnostikujú “nerovnováhy” that can be treated with vitamins, minerals, herbs, and similar products. Some also claim that the eye markings can reveal a complete history of past illnesses as well as previous treatment. One textbook, for example, states that a white triangle in the appropriate area indicates appendicitis, but a black speck indicates that the appendix had been removed by surgery. Iridology charts—dozens of which exist—vary somewhat in the location and interpretation of their iris signs. Some iridologists use a computer to help them analyze eye photographs and select the products they recommend. Sclerology is similar to iridology but interprets the shape and condition of blood vessels on the white portion (sclera) of the eyeball.
| Túto iridologickú tabuľku vypracoval významný naturopat pred viac ako 70 rokmi. Týka sa rôznych škvŕn na oku asi 50 častí tela. Najvnútornejší modrý kruh v oboch očiach napríklad údajne odráža zdravie žalúdka. Hovorí sa, že najvyššie kvadranty predstavujú mozog (cerebrum a cerebellum) a ďalšie časti hlavy. |  |
Bernard Jensen, D.C. (1908-2001), popredný americký iridológ, uviedol, že “Príroda nám poskytla miniatúrnu televíznu obrazovku, ktorá zobrazuje najvzdialenejšie časti tela prostredníctvom nervových reflexných reakcií.” Tvrdil tiež, že iridologické rozbory sú spoľahlivejšie a “ponúkajú oveľa viac informácií o stave tela ako vyšetrenia západnej medicíny.”
Britská iridologická organizácia uvádza, že existujú tri hlavné “ústavné typy” farba dúhovky:
Russell S. Worrall, O.D., an assistant clinical professor of optometry at the School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, has noted that many of the conditions detected by practitioners of iridology are “diseases” whose existence has been disputed or discredited by scientific investigation. Worrall also points out how spurious by iridologists can have serious consequences, as illustrated by the case of an accountant who consulted a chiropractor who practiced iridology:
During the course of treatment an iridology workup was recommended. The results indicated, among many other health problems, the presence of cancer. Overwhelmed, the patient spent the day in torment. Unable to consult his family physician . . . he finally sought my advice. After a lengthy discussion, I was able to allay his fears. . . . He wondered how an intelligent person such as himself could be caught up in such a deep emotional web over such a diagnosis. The story fortunately had a pleasant ending. However, the outcome could have been much more serious since the patient is also suffering from a heart condition, which was not noted on the iridology evaluation! [2]
In 1979 Bernard Jensen and two other proponents failed a scientific test in which they examined photographs of the eyes of 143 persons in an attempt to determine which ones had kidney impairments. (Forty-eight had been diagnosed with a standard kidney function test, and the rest had normal function.) The three iridologists showed no statistically significant ability to detect which patients had kidney disease and which did not. One iridologist, for example, decided that 88% of the normal patients had kidney disease, while another judged that 74% of patients sick enough to need artificial kidney treatment were normal [3]. Click here to see an example of Jensen’s iridology chart.
V roku 1980 podstúpil skúsený austrálsky iridológ dva testy. V prvej skúmal fotografie 15 pacientov, ktorí boli medicínsky posúdení a mali spolu 33 zdravotných problémov. Iridológ nediagnostikoval správne ani jeden z týchto problémov. V troch prípadoch pomenoval časť tela, ktorá mala problémy (napr “lézie v oblasti hrdla” for a patient whose tonsils had been removed during childhood), but he completely missed the other 30 problem areas and made 60 incorrect diagnoses. In the second trial, four people had their eyes photographed when they were in good health and rephotographed when they reported being ill. The iridologist made a large number of (incorrect) diagnoses from the initial photographs and was unable to accurately identify any organ that underwent a change when the health problem arose. He was also asked to compare iris photographs of another healthy individual taken only two minutes apart. He made five incorrect diagnoses for the first of these and four different incorrect ones for the second [4].
In the late 1980s, five leading Dutch iridologists failed a similar test in which they were shown stereo color slides of the right iris of 78 people, half of whom had gallbladder disease. None of the five could distinguish between the patients with gallbladder disease and the people who were healthy. Nor did they agree with each other about which was which [5]. These negative results, of course, are not surprising, because there is no known mechanism by which body organs can be represented or transmit their health status to specific locations in the iris.
V roku 1998 Eugene Emery, vedecký spisovateľ pre Providence Journal, tested the ability of two iridologists to assess his health and to match slide he had prepared of the eyes of eight people who had been medically diagnosed. Both iridologists scored very poorly [6].
Herbalist Michael Tierra has described how became disillusioned with iridology. After making various observations, he stopped using it but still hoped that it would turn out to have some value. Then, however:
Mladší kolega plne vybavený najmodernejším špecializovaným prístrojom na iridológiu sa predstavil a uviedol, že chce na mojej klinike robiť iridologické čítania a zároveň počas šiestich mesiacov sledovať priebeh mojich pacientov.
Given the fact that for most of us as well my patients six months is quite a long period, there was ample opportunity for many of these to go through a variety of health-related changes. Some people became well and got sick again with either the same or perhaps a different set of symptoms, others suffered injuries or operations. They all had their irises repeatedly photographed and studied by my colleague and myself. Where was Peczely’s owl or the markings he claimed to observe in patients of the 19th century Hungarian hospital ward? Were were the fine white healing lines that were supposed to knit together the small dark lacunae corresponding to the healing of operations and injuries of different parts of the body?
Our conclusion after six months: my colleague, trying to hold on to the fast disappearing shred of belief in the validity of iridology sheepishly and somewhat guiltily sold his camera to another would-be iridology enthusiast. I buried my official iridology magnifying head band in a box in a dark, hopefully soon forgotten area of my office closet, where I must confess it still remains after over 15 years, unopened [7].
Another former iridologist, Joshua David Mather Sr., has written a detailed account of the origin and termination of his beliefs. He began studying iridology at age nine when his father became a practitioner. He abandoned it at age 25 after examining polaroid films of many patients and finding out that although their symptoms often improved, their eye markings never changed [8].
Iridology is not merely worthless. Incorrect diagnoses can unnecessarily frighten people, cause them to waste money seeking medical care for nonexistent conditions, or steer them away from necessary medical care when a real problem is overlooked.
Niektorí viacúrovňoví distribútori používajú iridológiu ako základ pre odporúčanie doplnkov stravy a/alebo bylín. Každý, kto to robí a nie je licencovaným zdravotníckym pracovníkom, by sa dopustil toho, že by vykonával lekársku prax bez licencie, čo je porušením štátneho práva.
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